AI and data laws

311 moving · 704 enacted

European UnionEuropean Union

58 on file · 41 became law · 10 still moving · 4 moved in 30 days

unverified

Digital Services Act TikTok Investigation

The European Commission preliminarily found TikTok in breach of the Digital Services Act over harmful algorithmic rabbit hole effects in its recommender system.

Ruled
unverified

KIDS Act

The European Commission published a proposal for the KIDS Act to enhance online safety for children.

Proposed
unverified

Digital Legislation Overhaul Package

The Council of the European Union agreed on its negotiating position regarding updates to data protection, cookie, data sharing, and incident reporting rules.

Passed one chamber
COM(2026) 11

Cybersecurity Act 2 (revision of the Cybersecurity Act)

Proposed regulation that would replace the 2019 Cybersecurity Act, strengthening ENISA, simplifying the EU cybersecurity certification framework, and adding measures to reduce ICT supply chain risks from high-risk third-country suppliers.

Proposed
COM(2026) 502 (2026/0138(COD))

Cloud and AI Development Act

Proposed regulation to speed up permitting and deployment of data centres, aim to at least triple EU data centre capacity, and create an EU-wide four-level cloud and AI sovereignty framework with a public sector procurement mechanism.

Proposed
COM(2026) 504 (2026/0139(COD))

Chips Act 2.0

Proposed regulation that would replace the 2023 Chips Act with a Chips for Europe Initiative 2.0, support for first-of-a-kind and strategic semiconductor projects, and stronger coordination to prevent supply dependencies.

Proposed
Regulation (EU) 2023/2854

Data Act

Sets rules on who can access and use data generated by connected products and related services, on business-to-government data sharing in exceptional need, and on switching between cloud and data processing services.

In force
Regulation (EU) 2024/2847

Cyber Resilience Act

Sets mandatory cybersecurity requirements for hardware and software products with digital elements sold in the EU, including vulnerability handling and incident reporting duties for manufacturers.

In force
Regulation (EU) 2024/1689

AI Act

Sets EU-wide risk-based rules for AI systems, banning certain practices, imposing requirements on high-risk systems, transparency duties for some AI, and obligations for general-purpose AI model providers.

In force
Council Regulation (EU) 2026/150

EuroHPC AI Gigafactories amendment

Amends the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking regulation to provide a legal basis for AI Gigafactories of more than 100,000 advanced AI processors and to expand quantum computing activities.

In force
COM(2025) 837

Digital Omnibus (data, GDPR, ePrivacy, NIS2 simplification)

Proposed regulation that amends the GDPR, the ePrivacy Directive, NIS2 and the Data Act to simplify EU rules on cookie consent, incident reporting and data sharing, and folds several data laws, including the Data Governance Act, into the Data Act.

Proposed
Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 (COM(2025) 836, 2025/0359(COD))

Digital Omnibus on AI

Amends the AI Act to delay high-risk obligations to 2 December 2027 and 2 August 2028, extend SME relief to small mid-caps, simplify AI literacy and registration duties, widen AI Office oversight, and ban AI nudification and CSAM generation.

In force
Regulation (EU) 2022/1925

Digital Markets Act

Sets obligations and prohibitions for large online platforms designated as gatekeepers, such as bans on self-preferencing and anti-steering, and requirements on interoperability and data use.

In force

DMA non-compliance decision against Google

Commission decision fining Google 890 million euros under the Digital Markets Act: 460 million for self-preferencing its own services in Google Search and 430 million for anti-steering restrictions on Google Play.

Ruled
Regulation (EU) 2022/2065

Digital Services Act

Sets due diligence obligations for online intermediaries and platforms on illegal content, transparency, advertising and protection of minors, with extra systemic risk duties for very large online platforms and search engines supervised by the Commission.

In force
C(2025) 8630 final

DSA non-compliance decision against X

First Digital Services Act non-compliance decision, fining X 120 million euros for deceptive design of its blue checkmark (Article 25(1)), a deficient advertising repository (Article 39) and failing to give researchers access to public data (Article 40(12)).

Ruled

Code of Practice on Transparency of AI-generated Content

Voluntary code that helps providers of generative AI systems mark and detect AI-generated content and helps deployers label deepfakes and certain AI-generated text, to meet Article 50(2), (4) and (5) of the AI Act.

Adopted
Directive (EU) 2022/2555

NIS2 Directive

Sets cybersecurity risk management and incident reporting obligations for medium and large entities in critical sectors and requires member states to supervise and enforce them.

In force
COM(2026) 577

Action Plan on Cybersecurity and Artificial Intelligence

Commission action plan to promote safe use of advanced AI, including pre-market evaluation capacity for AI models under the AI Act, strengthen EU cyber resilience, and scale up AI capabilities for cybersecurity.

Adopted
Regulation (EU) 2023/1114

Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA)

Sets EU-wide rules for issuing and offering crypto-assets, including asset-referenced tokens and e-money tokens, and for authorising and supervising crypto-asset service providers.

In force
COM(2026) 16

Digital Networks Act

Proposed regulation that would merge the European Electronic Communications Code, the BEREC Regulation and the radio spectrum programme into one telecoms law, with a single passport for operators, longer spectrum licences and national plans to phase out copper networks.

Proposed
Regulation (EU) 2023/1781

European Chips Act

Establishes a framework to strengthen the EU semiconductor ecosystem through the Chips for Europe Initiative, support for first-of-a-kind production facilities, and a supply crisis monitoring and response mechanism.

In force

DSA non-compliance decision against Temu

Commission decision fining Temu 200 million euros under the Digital Services Act for failing to properly identify and assess the systemic risks of illegal products offered on its marketplace.

Ruled
Council Decision (EU) 2026/1080

Council Decision on concluding the Council of Europe AI Convention

Council decision concluding, on behalf of the European Union, the Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law, following the Commission proposal COM(2025) 265 and the consent of the European Parliament.

Enacted
Council Directive (EU) 2023/2226

DAC8 (crypto-asset tax reporting)

Amends the Directive on administrative cooperation in taxation to require crypto-asset service providers to report their users' crypto-asset transactions to tax authorities, with automatic exchange of that information between member states.

In force
Regulation (EU) 2022/868

Data Governance Act

Creates a framework for reusing certain protected public sector data, regulates data intermediation services, and sets rules for data altruism organisations.

In force
Regulation (EU) 2024/1309

Gigabit Infrastructure Act

Replaces the Broadband Cost Reduction Directive with rules to cut the cost and speed up the rollout of gigabit networks, covering permits, access to physical infrastructure and fibre-ready buildings.

In force
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025/2050

DSA Delegated Act on Data Access for Vetted Researchers

Sets the technical conditions and procedures under which very large online platforms and search engines must share data with vetted researchers under Article 40 of the Digital Services Act.

In force
OJ C/2025/5519

DSA Guidelines on the Protection of Minors Online

Commission guidelines under Article 28 of the Digital Services Act setting out measures online platforms accessible to minors should take to ensure a high level of privacy, safety and security, including age assurance methods and protections against grooming, harmful content and exploitative commercial practices.

Adopted
COM(2025) 723

Apply AI Strategy

Commission communication to speed up AI adoption in industry and the public sector through sectoral flagships, SME support, an Apply AI Alliance and an AI Observatory.

Adopted
COM(2022) 496

AI Liability Directive

Proposed directive adapting non-contractual civil liability rules to AI, including disclosure of evidence and a rebuttable presumption of causality, which the Commission withdrew.

Withdrawn
C-413/23 P (ECLI:EU:C:2025:645)

EDPS v SRB (pseudonymised data)

Court of Justice judgment holding that pseudonymised data are not in all cases and for every person personal data, since pseudonymisation may prevent recipients other than the controller from identifying the data subject, and setting aside the General Court's ruling in T-557/20.

Ruled
Regulation (EU) 2024/1083

European Media Freedom Act

Sets common rules to protect media pluralism and editorial independence, including safeguards against spyware use on journalists, transparency of media ownership and state advertising, and treatment of media content by very large online platforms.

In force

General-Purpose AI Code of Practice

Voluntary code drawn up by independent experts that gives general-purpose AI model providers a way to show compliance with AI Act transparency, copyright and safety and security obligations.

Adopted

DMA non-compliance decisions against Apple and Meta

First Digital Markets Act non-compliance decisions, fining Apple 500 million euros for breaching the anti-steering obligation on its App Store and Meta 200 million euros for its pay or consent model.

Ruled
COM(2025) 165

AI Continent Action Plan

Commission communication setting out actions to make the EU a leading AI continent, covering computing infrastructure such as AI factories and gigafactories, data, skills, AI uptake and simpler implementation of the AI Act.

Adopted
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/454

AI Act scientific panel implementing regulation

Sets the rules for establishing and operating the AI Act scientific panel of independent experts that advises the AI Office, including on systemic risks from general-purpose AI models.

In force
Regulation (EU) 2025/327

European Health Data Space Regulation

Gives people control over and cross-border access to their electronic health data and sets a framework for the secondary use of health data for research, innovation and policy making.

In force
Regulation (EU) 2025/38

Cyber Solidarity Act

Sets up a European Cybersecurity Alert System of cross-border Cyber Hubs, a Cybersecurity Emergency Mechanism with an EU Cybersecurity Reserve, and a review mechanism for significant incidents.

In force